{ "publisher": "Critical-Minerals.si", "homepage": "https://critical-minerals.si", "terms": "https://critical-minerals.si/data#terms", "attribution": "Critical-Minerals.si (https://critical-minerals.si)", "generated": "2026-10-09", "data_as_of": "2026-10-05", "count": 72, "minerals": [ { "id": "lithium", "name": "Lithium", "symbol": "Li", "category": "Battery & storage", "supply_status": "deficit", "supply_status_label": "Structural deficit", "supply_status_note": "IEA projects a lithium supply deficit persisting through 2035, and prices more than doubled between January 2025 and April 2026 on energy-storage demand.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage", "Power & grid" ], "ai_role": "Lithium-ion UPS and battery energy storage systems (BESS) keep AI campuses running through outages and let operators shave peak grid demand. Data centers are increasingly paired with on-site storage to secure interconnection.", "supply_risk_index": 60, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 3, "top_producer": "Australia", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.317, "china_share_2025": 0.214, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.306, "us_net_import_reliance": ">50", "us_import_sources": "Chile, Argentina", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Zimbabwe: Lithium ore export ban (2022)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 222000, "world_production_2025": 290000, "world_reserves": 37000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Cathode material", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.85, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 64, "summary": "The lightest metal and the heart of every lithium-ion battery — from phones and EVs to the grid-scale storage now being bolted onto data centers.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lithium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/lithium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lithium.md" }, { "id": "cobalt", "name": "Cobalt", "symbol": "Co", "category": "Battery & storage", "supply_status": "deficit", "supply_status_label": "Structural deficit", "supply_status_note": "The DRC's export quota (96,600 t/yr for 2026–27, under half of 2024 output) widened IEA's projected cobalt gap from ~15% to over 25%; prices rose ~130%.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage", "Chips & fabs", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Used in high-energy battery cathodes for backup power, in superalloys for gas turbines that power off-grid data centers, and — in tiny amounts — as an interconnect and liner material in advanced chips.", "supply_risk_index": 63, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 3, "top_producer": "DR Congo", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.742, "china_share_2025": 0.006, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "79", "us_import_sources": "Norway, Finland, Canada, Japan", "export_controls": [ "DR Congo: Export quota (2025); concentrate export ban (Aug 2026)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 302000, "world_production_2025": 310000, "world_reserves": 12000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Cathode material", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.85, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 84, "summary": "A battery cathode and superalloy metal. About three-quarters of mined supply comes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cobalt", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/cobalt.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cobalt.md" }, { "id": "nickel", "name": "Nickel", "symbol": "Ni", "category": "Battery & storage", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "IEA sees only a slight supply gap in its base case, but virtually all recent supply growth has come from one country (Indonesia).", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Cooling & thermal", "Backup & storage", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Stainless steel for cooling loops and racks, nickel-based superalloys in turbines, and nickel-rich battery chemistries for backup storage.", "supply_risk_index": 43, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 3, "top_producer": "Indonesia", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.667, "china_share_2025": 0.031, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.051, "us_net_import_reliance": "41", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Norway, Australia, Brazil", "export_controls": [ "Indonesia: Nickel ore export ban (2020)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 3710000, "world_production_2025": 3900000, "world_reserves": 140000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Battery-grade chemical", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.75, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 72, "summary": "Stainless steel's key ingredient and a high-energy battery cathode metal. Indonesia now produces roughly two-thirds of the world's mine supply.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/nickel", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/nickel.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/nickel.md" }, { "id": "graphite", "name": "Graphite", "symbol": "C", "category": "Battery & storage", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China added graphite anode materials to export controls in Oct 2025; IEA estimates a full disruption would put >$300B/yr of downstream production outside China at risk.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage", "Cooling & thermal" ], "ai_role": "Battery anodes for UPS and storage systems; synthetic graphite also forms heat spreaders and thermal-interface sheets inside servers and GPUs.", "supply_risk_index": 87, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 3, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.778, "china_share_2025": 0.778, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.161, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "China, Canada, Mozambique, Mexico", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2023)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Mozambique: Graphite trade restrictions" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 1550000, "world_production_2025": 1800000, "world_reserves": 310000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Purification", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.94, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 16, "summary": "The anode in nearly every lithium-ion battery, plus electrodes for steelmaking. China mines ~78% and refines over 90% of battery-grade material.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/graphite", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/graphite.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/graphite.md" }, { "id": "manganese", "name": "Manganese", "symbol": "Mn", "category": "Battery & storage", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mining is spread across South Africa, Gabon and Australia, but refining for batteries is >90% concentrated in China.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Construction & facilities", "Backup & storage" ], "ai_role": "Steel for data-center structures and transformers, and manganese-rich cathodes in stationary storage.", "supply_risk_index": 45, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "South Africa", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.38, "china_share_2025": 0.035, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.07, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Gabon, South Africa, Malaysia, Australia", "export_controls": [ "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw material export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (Mn content)", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 18700, "world_production_2025": 20000, "world_reserves": 1700000, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.95, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 91, "summary": "Indispensable for steelmaking and increasingly used in battery cathodes (LMFP, NMC). China refines over 90% of battery-grade manganese.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/manganese", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/manganese.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/manganese.md" }, { "id": "vanadium", "name": "Vanadium", "symbol": "V", "category": "Battery & storage", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage", "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "Vanadium flow batteries are a candidate for long-duration storage paired with renewable-powered AI campuses; high-strength steel for construction.", "supply_risk_index": 48, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.745, "china_share_2025": 0.745, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.068, "us_net_import_reliance": "41", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Brazil, South Africa, Austria", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 118000, "world_production_2025": 110000, "world_reserves": 21000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.745, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A steel-strengthening alloy and the active material in vanadium redox flow batteries for long-duration storage.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/vanadium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/vanadium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/vanadium.md" }, { "id": "gallium", "name": "Gallium", "symbol": "Ga", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China supplied ~99% of primary gallium in 2025; prices outside China ran 9–10x 2023 levels, and S&P Global sees a ~678 t ex-China gap.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Power & grid", "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "GaN power transistors raise the efficiency of server power supplies and 800V data-center power architectures; GaAs and InGaAs lasers drive optical transceivers that link GPUs.", "supply_risk_index": 97, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 1, "china_share_2025": 1, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.061, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Japan, China, Germany", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2023)" ], "production_basis": "primary production", "production_unit": "kilograms", "world_production_2024": 848000, "world_production_2025": 900000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Recovery and refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 1, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A by-product of aluminum refining that becomes gallium nitride (GaN) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) — the materials of power electronics, RF chips and lasers.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/gallium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/gallium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/gallium.md" }, { "id": "germanium", "name": "Germanium", "symbol": "Ge", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China held ~69% of supply in 2025; Western warehouse prices topped $6,000/kg vs ~$3,100/kg inside China. USGS withholds world production data.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Germanium-doped glass carries light through the fiber that interconnects AI clusters; SiGe transistors appear in high-speed networking chips.", "supply_risk_index": 75, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.686, "china_share_2025": 0.686, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": ">50", "us_import_sources": "Belgium, China, Canada, Germany", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2023)" ], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Recovery and refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.94, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A semiconductor metal recovered from zinc and coal ash, essential for fiber-optic cores, infrared optics and high-speed SiGe chips.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/germanium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/germanium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/germanium.md" }, { "id": "indium", "name": "Indium", "symbol": "In", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Beijing has restricted indium exports since Feb 2025; prices rose from ~$250/kg to ~$805/kg by Aug 2026.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking", "Chips & fabs", "Cooling & thermal" ], "ai_role": "Indium phosphide (InP) lasers and photodetectors are the engines of 800G/1.6T optical transceivers in AI networks; indium solders are used in chip thermal interfaces.", "supply_risk_index": 83, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.691, "china_share_2025": 0.691, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.009, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Republic of Korea, Japan, China, Canada", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)" ], "production_basis": "refinery production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 1090, "world_production_2025": 1100, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.691, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A soft by-product metal used in touchscreens (ITO) and in indium phosphide — the compound semiconductor behind many high-speed optical lasers.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/indium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/indium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/indium.md" }, { "id": "silicon", "name": "Silicon", "symbol": "Si", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China produces ~87% of silicon metal, though high-purity polysilicon for chips has more diversified supply.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Optical networking", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Every GPU, CPU and memory die starts as an ultra-pure silicon wafer; silicon photonics is moving optics onto the chip itself.", "supply_risk_index": 55, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.87, "china_share_2025": 0.87, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.164, "us_net_import_reliance": ">50", "us_import_sources": "Brazil, Canada, Russia, Malaysia", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "silicon metal production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 5500, "world_production_2025": 4600, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Wafers", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.965, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The substrate of the digital age. Metallurgical silicon is refined into polysilicon and grown into the wafers every chip is built on — and it is this site's namesake.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/silicon", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/silicon.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/silicon.md" }, { "id": "arsenic", "name": "Arsenic", "symbol": "As", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "GaAs and InGaAs devices in RF and optical components; arsenic is a common n-type dopant in silicon logic.", "supply_risk_index": 43, "lists_count": 3, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "Peru", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.492, "china_share_2025": 0.393, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.024, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Morocco", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "arsenic trioxide production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 62500, "world_production_2025": 61000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.393, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A toxic metalloid that is nevertheless vital as high-purity metal for gallium-arsenide chips and as a silicon dopant.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/arsenic", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/arsenic.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/arsenic.md" }, { "id": "antimony", "name": "Antimony", "symbol": "Sb", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China's 2024 export licensing remains in force; a ban on exports to the US is suspended only until Nov 27, 2026. IEA flags AI as raising antimony's importance.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware", "Backup & storage", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Flame retardants in cables, plastics and server enclosures; lead-acid backup batteries; antimony dopants and infrared detectors.", "supply_risk_index": 67, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.364, "china_share_2025": 0.364, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.076, "us_net_import_reliance": "91", "us_import_sources": "China, Belgium, Thailand, India", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2024)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 119000, "world_production_2025": 110000, "world_reserves": 2000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.364, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Used in flame retardants, lead-acid batteries, munitions and as a semiconductor dopant. China and Russia dominate supply.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/antimony", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/antimony.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/antimony.md" }, { "id": "tellurium", "name": "Tellurium", "symbol": "Te", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China added tellurium to export licensing in 2025.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking", "Cooling & thermal", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Thermoelectric (Peltier) coolers for laser modules in optical transceivers; CdTe solar for renewable power purchase agreements.", "supply_risk_index": 68, "lists_count": 6, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.8, "china_share_2025": 0.8, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.019, "us_net_import_reliance": ">25", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Philippines, Japan, Germany", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)" ], "production_basis": "refinery production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 981, "world_production_2025": 1000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.8, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A rare by-product of copper refining used in cadmium-telluride solar panels, thermoelectric coolers and phase-change memory.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tellurium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/tellurium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tellurium.md" }, { "id": "selenium", "name": "Selenium", "symbol": "Se", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Supporting role in photovoltaics and some electronic components.", "supply_risk_index": 33, "lists_count": 3, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.526, "china_share_2025": 0.526, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.035, "us_net_import_reliance": ">50", "us_import_sources": "Philippines, Mexico, Chile, Poland", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "refinery production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 3670, "world_production_2025": 3800, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.526, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A copper-refining by-product used in glass, metallurgy, solar cells (CIGS) and electronics.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/selenium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/selenium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/selenium.md" }, { "id": "hafnium", "name": "Hafnium", "symbol": "Hf", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Global production is tiny and tied to nuclear-grade zirconium refining; USGS does not publish world production.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Hafnium oxide gate dielectrics are used in leading-edge logic chips including AI accelerators; also in superalloys for turbines.", "supply_risk_index": 32, "lists_count": 5, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A zirconium by-product that forms hafnium oxide — the 'high-k' gate dielectric inside nearly every advanced logic transistor.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/hafnium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/hafnium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/hafnium.md" }, { "id": "tantalum", "name": "Tantalum", "symbol": "Ta", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Over half of mined supply comes from DR Congo, with conflict-mineral sourcing risk.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Tantalum capacitors stabilize power on GPU boards and servers; tantalum/tantalum-nitride barrier layers sit under copper wiring in chips.", "supply_risk_index": 49, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "DR Congo", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.52, "china_share_2025": 0.032, "output_growth_2024_25": 0, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "China, Australia, Germany, Indonesia", "export_controls": [ "Venezuela: Columbite-tantalite export ban (2024)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 2500, "world_production_2025": 2500, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.032, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A corrosion-proof metal used in compact, reliable capacitors and in chip barrier layers. DR Congo and Rwanda supply most mined tantalum.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tantalum", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/tantalum.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tantalum.md" }, { "id": "boron", "name": "Boron", "symbol": "B", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Cooling & thermal" ], "ai_role": "Boron dopes silicon in every chip; borosilicate glass and boron in NdFeB magnets used in cooling fans and drives.", "supply_risk_index": 25, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "Turkey", "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": "E", "us_import_sources": "Turkey", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "production (mixed forms reported by country — not directly comparable)", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Mined as borates (Turkey dominates) for glass, ceramics and NdFeB magnets; ultra-pure boron is a key p-type dopant in silicon.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/boron", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/boron.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/boron.md" }, { "id": "phosphorus", "name": "Phosphate & Phosphorus", "symbol": "P", "category": "Energy & agriculture", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "LFP (lithium iron phosphate) is the dominant chemistry for stationary storage at data centers; high-purity phosphorus is an n-type dopant.", "supply_risk_index": 42, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.44, "china_share_2025": 0.44, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.046, "us_net_import_reliance": "16", "us_import_sources": "Peru", "export_controls": [ "Vietnam: Apatite export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 239000, "world_production_2025": 250000, "world_reserves": 73000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Battery cells", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.99, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 55, "summary": "Phosphate rock feeds the world's fertilizers; refined phosphorus is used in LFP batteries, flame retardants and as a semiconductor dopant.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/phosphorus", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/phosphorus.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/phosphorus.md" }, { "id": "cadmium", "name": "Cadmium", "symbol": "Cd", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "CdTe thin-film solar supplies renewable power for data-center PPAs.", "supply_risk_index": 24, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.413, "china_share_2025": 0.413, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.009, "us_net_import_reliance": "<25", "us_import_sources": "China, Germany, Australia, Peru", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "refinery production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 22800, "world_production_2025": 23000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.413, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A zinc-refining by-product used in nickel-cadmium batteries and cadmium-telluride thin-film solar panels.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cadmium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/cadmium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cadmium.md" }, { "id": "copper", "name": "Copper", "symbol": "Cu", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "deficit", "supply_status_label": "Structural deficit", "supply_status_note": "IEA projects a ~25% supply gap by 2035; prices hit a record near $14,780/t in Sep 2026 as Chile output fell 6.6% in H1 2026 and DR Congo banned concentrate exports.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Power & grid", "Chips & fabs", "Cooling & thermal", "Servers & hardware", "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "Copper makes up roughly 82–83% of the mineral mass modeled for AI data centers, mostly in grid transmission and distribution; it also forms chip interconnects, busbars, cold plates and rack cabling.", "supply_risk_index": 48, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 3, "top_producer": "Chile", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.23, "china_share_2025": 0.078, "output_growth_2024_25": 0, "us_net_import_reliance": "57", "us_import_sources": "Chile, Canada, Peru, Mexico", "export_controls": [ "Indonesia: Concentrate export ban (2023)", "Morocco: Export licensing, refined copper (2025)", "DR Congo: Concentrate export ban (Aug 2026)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 23000, "world_production_2025": 23000, "world_reserves": 980000, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Smelting and refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.483, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 40, "summary": "The metal of electrification. Copper wires the grid, the substation, the busbar and the chip — and it is the single largest mineral input to AI infrastructure.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/copper", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/copper.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/copper.md" }, { "id": "aluminum", "name": "Aluminum", "symbol": "Al", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Base-metal prices including aluminium rose about one-third between Jan 2025 and Apr 2026; Middle East exports (≈20% of US supply) were disrupted.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Cooling & thermal", "Servers & hardware", "Power & grid", "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "Heat sinks, server chassis, overhead power lines and data-center structures; high-purity alumina is used in semiconductor substrates and LEDs.", "supply_risk_index": 56, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 3, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.608, "china_share_2025": 0.608, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.016, "us_net_import_reliance": "60", "us_import_sources": "Canada, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, China", "export_controls": [ "Indonesia: Bauxite export ban (2023)", "Morocco: Aluminum ingot export licensing (2025)" ], "production_basis": "smelter production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 72800, "world_production_2025": 74000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.62, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 42, "summary": "Light, conductive and recyclable — used in transmission lines, server chassis, heat sinks and building structures. Made from bauxite (Guinea, Australia).", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/aluminum", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/aluminum.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/aluminum.md" }, { "id": "zinc", "name": "Zinc", "symbol": "Zn", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Construction & facilities", "Power & grid" ], "ai_role": "Galvanized steel for data-center structures and transmission towers; its refining yields germanium and indium.", "supply_risk_index": 39, "lists_count": 6, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.315, "china_share_2025": 0.315, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.092, "us_net_import_reliance": "73", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Mexico, Peru, Republic of Korea", "export_controls": [ "Laos: Raw mineral export ban (2024)", "Vietnam: Lead-zinc raw export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 11900, "world_production_2025": 13000, "world_reserves": 240000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.315, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Galvanizes steel against corrosion and is the main source of by-product germanium, indium and cadmium.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/zinc", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/zinc.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/zinc.md" }, { "id": "lead", "name": "Lead", "symbol": "Pb", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage" ], "ai_role": "Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries remain common in data-center UPS systems.", "supply_risk_index": 38, "lists_count": 2, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.422, "china_share_2025": 0.422, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.022, "us_net_import_reliance": "33", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Republic of Korea, Ireland", "export_controls": [ "Vietnam: Lead-zinc raw export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 4600, "world_production_2025": 4500, "world_reserves": 95000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.422, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Still the workhorse of lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and many backup power systems.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lead", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/lead.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lead.md" }, { "id": "tin", "name": "Tin", "symbol": "Sn", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Prices for base metals including tin rose about one-third between Jan 2025 and Apr 2026; supply is exposed to Myanmar and DRC disruption.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Tin-based solders attach GPUs, memory and chips to boards; AI servers carry far more solder joints than standard servers.", "supply_risk_index": 43, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.245, "china_share_2025": 0.245, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.014, "us_net_import_reliance": "77", "us_import_sources": "Peru, Bolivia, Indonesia, Brazil", "export_controls": [ "Venezuela: Cassiterite export ban (2024)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 294000, "world_production_2025": 290000, "world_reserves": 6000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.245, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The solder that joins every electronic component to every circuit board. Supply comes from China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Peru and DR Congo.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tin", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/tin.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tin.md" }, { "id": "iron", "name": "High-purity Iron", "symbol": "Fe", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Construction & facilities", "Power & grid" ], "ai_role": "Steel for data-center buildings, transformers and transmission towers.", "supply_risk_index": 21, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "Australia", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.375, "china_share_2025": 0.113, "output_growth_2024_25": 0, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "iron ore, iron content", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 1600000, "world_production_2025": 1600000, "world_reserves": 87000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Ironmaking", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.638, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 52, "summary": "High-purity iron ore feeds low-carbon steelmaking and specialty materials, including the electrical steel inside transformers.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/iron", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/iron.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/iron.md" }, { "id": "electrical_steel", "name": "Electrical Steel (GOES)", "symbol": "GOES", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Transformer lead times and limited GOES capacity are a recognized constraint for AI build-out.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Power & grid" ], "ai_role": "Every new AI campus needs large power transformers; a 2026 Resources Policy study identifies GOES as a particularly constrained enabling material for AI data centers.", "supply_risk_index": 41, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Ironmaking", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.638, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 52, "summary": "Grain-oriented electrical steel forms the magnetic cores of power transformers — a chronic bottleneck in grid build-out. Listed by the US DOE as a critical material.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/electrical_steel", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/electrical_steel.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/electrical_steel.md" }, { "id": "silicon_carbide", "name": "Silicon Carbide", "symbol": "SiC", "category": "Semiconductors & electronics", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Power & grid", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "SiC power devices in solid-state transformers, high-voltage DC data-center power, inverters and EV chargers.", "supply_risk_index": 36, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": "74", "us_import_sources": "China, Brazil", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A wide-bandgap semiconductor that switches high voltages efficiently. Listed by the US DOE as a critical material for energy.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/silicon_carbide", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/silicon_carbide.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/silicon_carbide.md" }, { "id": "tungsten", "name": "Tungsten", "symbol": "W", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China mined ~79% of world supply in 2025. Ex-China concentrate prices roughly tripled in 2026 (from $750–850 to $2,500–2,800 per mtu).", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Tungsten contacts and vias link transistors to the copper wiring in logic and memory chips; tungsten tooling machines servers and fab equipment.", "supply_risk_index": 80, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.788, "china_share_2025": 0.788, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.037, "us_net_import_reliance": ">50", "us_import_sources": "China, Germany, Bolivia, Vietnam", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Russia: Tungsten scrap export ban (2022)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 82000, "world_production_2025": 85000, "world_reserves": 4700000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.788, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The densest common metal with the highest melting point — used for cutting tools, armor, and as the 'plugs' that connect chip transistors to wiring.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tungsten", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/tungsten.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/tungsten.md" }, { "id": "molybdenum", "name": "Molybdenum", "symbol": "Mo", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China added molybdenum items to export licensing in 2025.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "Molybdenum is being adopted for advanced chip interconnects and is used in sputtering targets and high-strength steels.", "supply_risk_index": 52, "lists_count": 6, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.373, "china_share_2025": 0.373, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.016, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 256000, "world_production_2025": 260000, "world_reserves": 17000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.373, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A steel-hardening and high-temperature metal, also used in thin films for displays and as an emerging chip-wiring material.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/molybdenum", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/molybdenum.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/molybdenum.md" }, { "id": "niobium", "name": "Niobium", "symbol": "Nb", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Single-country concentration: Brazil ~93% of mine output.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "High-strength low-alloy steel for buildings and transmission; niobium superconductors in quantum and research hardware.", "supply_risk_index": 46, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "Brazil", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.929, "china_share_2025": 0, "output_growth_2024_25": 0, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Brazil, Canada", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 112000, "world_production_2025": 112000, "world_reserves": 21000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Strengthens steel pipelines and structures in tiny amounts; also forms superconducting magnets. Brazil supplies about 93%.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/niobium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/niobium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/niobium.md" }, { "id": "titanium", "name": "Titanium", "symbol": "Ti", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China produces ~70% of titanium sponge metal.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Titanium nitride barrier layers in chips and titanium alloys in turbines; mainly aerospace and defense.", "supply_risk_index": 67, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.703, "china_share_2025": 0.703, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Japan, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan", "export_controls": [ "Vietnam: Processed titanium export ban" ], "production_basis": "titanium sponge production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 370000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Metal", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.703, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 36, "summary": "Strong, light and corrosion-resistant — the aerospace metal. Titanium dioxide is also the world's main white pigment.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/titanium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/titanium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/titanium.md" }, { "id": "zirconium", "name": "Zirconium", "symbol": "Zr", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Nuclear fuel cladding for the reactors increasingly contracted to power AI data centers; zirconia ceramics.", "supply_risk_index": 15, "lists_count": 6, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "Australia", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.333, "china_share_2025": 0.083, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.077, "us_net_import_reliance": "<25", "us_import_sources": "South Africa, Australia, Senegal", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "zircon concentrate mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 1300, "world_production_2025": 1200, "world_reserves": 70000, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.38, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 30, "summary": "Zircon sands feed ceramics and refractories; zirconium metal clads nuclear fuel rods.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/zirconium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/zirconium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/zirconium.md" }, { "id": "chromium", "name": "Chromium", "symbol": "Cr", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "South Africa introduced chromite ore export licensing in 2025.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Cooling & thermal", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Stainless steel in cooling loops, chillers and plumbing; superalloys in turbines.", "supply_risk_index": 43, "lists_count": 6, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "South Africa", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.451, "china_share_2025": 0, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.028, "us_net_import_reliance": "79", "us_import_sources": "South Africa, Kazakhstan, Finland, Canada", "export_controls": [ "South Africa: Chromite ore export licensing (2025)", "Vietnam: Raw chromite export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 49600, "world_production_2025": 51000, "world_reserves": 540000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "What makes stainless steel stainless. South Africa produces close to half the world's chromite.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/chromium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/chromium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/chromium.md" }, { "id": "magnesium", "name": "Magnesium", "symbol": "Mg", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China dominates magnesium metal (~86%) and added magnesium materials to export licensing in 2024.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Lightweight alloys in electronics housings and aluminum alloys used across data-center hardware.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.864, "china_share_2025": 0.864, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.019, "us_net_import_reliance": ">75", "us_import_sources": "Israel, Canada, Turkey, Czechia", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2024)" ], "production_basis": "magnesium metal smelter production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 1080, "world_production_2025": 1100, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Smelting", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.864, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 26, "summary": "The lightest structural metal, used in aluminum alloys, die-cast parts and titanium production. China makes ~86% of the metal.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/magnesium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/magnesium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/magnesium.md" }, { "id": "beryllium", "name": "Beryllium", "symbol": "Be", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware", "Cooling & thermal" ], "ai_role": "Copper-beryllium springs and connectors in high-reliability electronics; beryllium oxide heat spreaders.", "supply_risk_index": 19, "lists_count": 5, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "United States", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.535, "china_share_2025": 0.179, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.007, "us_net_import_reliance": "E", "us_import_sources": "Kazakhstan", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 433, "world_production_2025": 430, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.179, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "An ultra-light, stiff metal used in aerospace, defense optics and copper-beryllium connectors. The US is the leading producer.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/beryllium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/beryllium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/beryllium.md" }, { "id": "rhenium", "name": "Rhenium", "symbol": "Re", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Superalloys for the gas turbines increasingly deployed as on-site power for AI data centers.", "supply_risk_index": 33, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "Chile", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.37, "china_share_2025": 0.247, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.015, "us_net_import_reliance": "75", "us_import_sources": "Chile, Canada, Germany, Poland", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "kilograms", "world_production_2024": 79800, "world_production_2025": 81000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.247, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "One of the rarest elements in Earth's crust, recovered from molybdenum in copper ores and used in jet-engine and gas-turbine superalloys.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/rhenium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/rhenium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/rhenium.md" }, { "id": "bismuth", "name": "Bismuth", "symbol": "Bi", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China added bismuth to export licensing in 2025 and refines ~88% of supply.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware", "Cooling & thermal" ], "ai_role": "Low-temperature bismuth-tin solders for assembling heat-sensitive electronics; bismuth telluride thermoelectric coolers.", "supply_risk_index": 81, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.875, "china_share_2025": 0.875, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.018, "us_net_import_reliance": "92", "us_import_sources": "China, Republic of Korea, Germany", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)" ], "production_basis": "refinery production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 16300, "world_production_2025": 16000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "partial", "most_concentrated_step": "Refining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.875, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A heavy, non-toxic metal used in pharmaceuticals, low-melt solders and lead-free alloys. China refines ~88%.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/bismuth", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/bismuth.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/bismuth.md" }, { "id": "scandium", "name": "Scandium", "symbol": "Sc", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Scandium was among the rare earths placed under China's April 2025 export controls; China is the leading source.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Power generation", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Solid-oxide fuel cells are being deployed as on-site power for data centers; scandium-aluminum nitride in RF chips.", "supply_risk_index": 76, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Japan, China", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)" ], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A tiny market (~80 t/yr) with outsized uses in aluminum-scandium alloys, solid-oxide fuel cells, and ScAlN for 5G RF filters.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/scandium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/scandium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/scandium.md" }, { "id": "strontium", "name": "Strontium", "symbol": "Sr", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Minor role — ferrite magnets and specialty glass.", "supply_risk_index": 34, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "Iran", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.556, "china_share_2025": 0.178, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.125, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Mexico, Germany, China", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 400000, "world_production_2025": 450000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.178, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Mined as celestite for drilling fluids, ceramic ferrite magnets and aluminum alloys.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/strontium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/strontium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/strontium.md" }, { "id": "cesium", "name": "Cesium", "symbol": "Cs", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "The US is 100% import reliant; no world production data published.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "Atomic clocks and precision timing that synchronize telecom and data networks.", "supply_risk_index": 40, "lists_count": 3, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "China, Germany", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A soft alkali metal that defines the second: cesium atomic clocks underpin GPS and network timing.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cesium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/cesium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cesium.md" }, { "id": "rubidium", "name": "Rubidium", "symbol": "Rb", "category": "Alloying & specialty metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "The US is 100% import reliant.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "USGS lists data-network syncing among rubidium's primary applications via rubidium frequency standards.", "supply_risk_index": 40, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "China, Germany, Russia", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "An alkali metal used in atomic clocks and research — and, per USGS, in data-network synchronization.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/rubidium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/rubidium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/rubidium.md" }, { "id": "platinum", "name": "Platinum", "symbol": "Pt", "category": "Platinum-group metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "South Africa ~71% of mine output.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage", "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Hydrogen fuel cells for backup power; platinum used in hard-disk platters and sensors.", "supply_risk_index": 39, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "South Africa", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.706, "china_share_2025": 0, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.05, "us_net_import_reliance": "89", "us_import_sources": "South Africa, Belgium, Germany, Italy", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "kilograms", "world_production_2024": 179000, "world_production_2025": 170000, "world_reserves": 76000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A precious catalyst metal for vehicle exhausts, hydrogen fuel cells and glass-fiber production. South Africa supplies ~71%.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/platinum", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/platinum.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/platinum.md" }, { "id": "palladium", "name": "Palladium", "symbol": "Pd", "category": "Platinum-group metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Russia (~44%) and South Africa (~37%) together supply most mined palladium.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware", "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Palladium electrodes and plating in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) and connectors on server boards.", "supply_risk_index": 28, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "Russia", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.442, "china_share_2025": 0, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.124, "us_net_import_reliance": "57", "us_import_sources": "South Africa, Russia, Belgium, Canada", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "kilograms", "world_production_2024": 217000, "world_production_2025": 190000, "world_reserves": 76000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Mostly used in gasoline catalytic converters, but also in multilayer ceramic capacitors and electronic plating. Russia and South Africa dominate.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/palladium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/palladium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/palladium.md" }, { "id": "rhodium", "name": "Rhodium", "symbol": "Rh", "category": "Platinum-group metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Produced with platinum, mainly in South Africa.", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Indirect — glass-fiber manufacturing equipment.", "supply_risk_index": 44, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [ "Venezuela: Export ban (2024)" ], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The rarest and often priciest PGM, used in catalytic converters and glass-fiber bushings.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/rhodium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/rhodium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/rhodium.md" }, { "id": "iridium", "name": "Iridium", "symbol": "Ir", "category": "Platinum-group metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Annual supply is only a few tonnes, mostly from South Africa.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Backup & storage" ], "ai_role": "Crucibles for growing crystals used in electronics; electrolyzers for hydrogen backup power.", "supply_risk_index": 32, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The most corrosion-resistant metal, critical for PEM electrolyzers that make green hydrogen and for crucibles that grow crystals.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/iridium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/iridium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/iridium.md" }, { "id": "ruthenium", "name": "Ruthenium", "symbol": "Ru", "category": "Platinum-group metals", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Byproduct of platinum mining, concentrated in South Africa.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Ruthenium thin films are used in hard-disk media and are a leading candidate to replace copper in the tightest chip interconnects; USGS lists computer chips as a primary use.", "supply_risk_index": 32, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A PGM used in hard-disk drives, chip resistors and — increasingly — as a next-generation chip interconnect metal.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/ruthenium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/ruthenium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/ruthenium.md" }, { "id": "silver", "name": "Silver", "symbol": "Ag", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Added to the US critical list in 2025; China added silver to export licensing in 2026.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Servers & hardware", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Silver pastes, contacts and sintering materials in power electronics and chip packaging; silver is the largest input cost in solar cells.", "supply_risk_index": 48, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "Mexico", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.242, "china_share_2025": 0.131, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.028, "us_net_import_reliance": "77", "us_import_sources": "Mexico, Canada, Chile, Turkey", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2026)", "Tanzania: Concentrate export ban (2017)", "Venezuela: Export ban (2024)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 25300, "world_production_2025": 26000, "world_reserves": 610000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.131, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The most electrically conductive element — used in solar cells, electrical contacts, brazing and electronics.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/silver", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/silver.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/silver.md" }, { "id": "gold", "name": "Gold", "symbol": "Au", "category": "Base metals & grid", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Gold wire bonding and connector plating in electronics.", "supply_risk_index": 27, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.115, "china_share_2025": 0.115, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.006, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [ "Tanzania: Concentrate export ban (2017)", "Venezuela: Export ban (2024)" ], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 3280, "world_production_2025": 3300, "world_reserves": 66000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.115, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Beyond bullion, gold plates connectors and bonds chips. Listed as a strategic mineral by China.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/gold", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/gold.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/gold.md" }, { "id": "fluorspar", "name": "Fluorspar", "symbol": "F", "category": "Industrial minerals & gases", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China ~60% of mine output; US is 100% import reliant.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Cooling & thermal", "Backup & storage" ], "ai_role": "Ultra-pure fluorine chemicals etch and clean wafers in every fab; fluorinated fluids and refrigerants cool data centers; LiPF6 battery electrolyte.", "supply_risk_index": 50, "lists_count": 7, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.6, "china_share_2025": 0.6, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.029, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "Mexico, Vietnam, China, South Africa", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 10300, "world_production_2025": 10000, "world_reserves": 330000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.6, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The source of fluorine for hydrofluoric acid, refrigerants, battery electrolytes and fluoropolymers. China mines ~60%.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/fluorspar", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/fluorspar.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/fluorspar.md" }, { "id": "helium", "name": "Helium", "symbol": "He", "category": "Industrial minerals & gases", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Strikes on Qatar's Ras Laffan complex in early 2026 halted a major source of supply and roughly doubled helium spot prices.", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "Fabs use helium for wafer cooling, lithography and inert atmospheres; fiber-optic production uses helium during drawing.", "supply_risk_index": 35, "lists_count": 3, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "United States", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.426, "china_share_2025": 0.016, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.038, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "production", "production_unit": "million cubic meters", "world_production_2024": 183, "world_production_2025": 190, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.016, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "An irreplaceable inert gas recovered from natural gas, used in chip fabs, MRI scanners, fiber-optic drawing and leak detection.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/helium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/helium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/helium.md" }, { "id": "barite", "name": "Barite", "symbol": "Ba", "category": "Industrial minerals & gases", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Minimal direct role.", "supply_risk_index": 27, "lists_count": 2, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "India", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.345, "china_share_2025": 0.253, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.087, "us_net_import_reliance": ">75", "us_import_sources": "India, China, Morocco, Mexico", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 8000, "world_production_2025": 8700, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.253, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A dense mineral used mainly to weight oil-and-gas drilling fluids, and in medical imaging.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/barite", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/barite.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/barite.md" }, { "id": "feldspar", "name": "Feldspar", "symbol": "Fsp", "category": "Industrial minerals & gases", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [ "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "Glass and ceramics for construction.", "supply_risk_index": 17, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "India", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.194, "china_share_2025": 0.119, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.003, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 31100, "world_production_2025": 31000, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.119, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The most abundant mineral group in Earth's crust, used in glass and ceramics. Listed as critical by the EU.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/feldspar", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/feldspar.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/feldspar.md" }, { "id": "magnesite", "name": "Magnesite", "symbol": "MgCO₃", "category": "Industrial minerals & gases", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "China dominates magnesite mine output.", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Indirect — refractories for steel production.", "supply_risk_index": 44, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.605, "china_share_2025": 0.605, "output_growth_2024_25": -0.005, "us_net_import_reliance": "59", "us_import_sources": "China, Brazil, Canada, Israel", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "magnesite mine production", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 21100, "world_production_2025": 21000, "world_reserves": 7800000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.605, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Magnesium carbonate ore used for refractories that line steel furnaces and as a source of magnesium compounds.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/magnesite", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/magnesite.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/magnesite.md" }, { "id": "sodium", "name": "Sodium", "symbol": "Na", "category": "Industrial minerals & gases", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": null, "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Backup & storage" ], "ai_role": "Sodium-ion batteries are an emerging low-cost option for stationary storage.", "supply_risk_index": 26, "lists_count": 1, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Abundant and cheap — listed by the UK as critical, partly for its role in emerging sodium-ion batteries.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/sodium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/sodium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/sodium.md" }, { "id": "uranium", "name": "Uranium", "symbol": "U", "category": "Energy & agriculture", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Added to the US critical list in 2025; USGS does not collect uranium data. Russia banned enriched uranium exports to the US in 2024.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Nuclear power purchase agreements and small modular reactors are a growing source of firm, carbon-free power for AI data centers.", "supply_risk_index": 44, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [ "Russia: Enriched uranium export ban" ], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Enrichment", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.7, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "top 3 countries", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The fuel of nuclear power. Hyperscalers have signed agreements to restart and build reactors to power AI.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/uranium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/uranium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/uranium.md" }, { "id": "met_coal", "name": "Metallurgical Coal", "symbol": "MC", "category": "Energy & agriculture", "supply_status": "adequate", "supply_status_label": "Adequate", "supply_status_note": "USGS does not collect metallurgical coal data.", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [ "Construction & facilities" ], "ai_role": "Indirect — steel for structures and transformers.", "supply_risk_index": 26, "lists_count": 3, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": null, "top_producer_share_2025": null, "china_share_2025": null, "output_growth_2024_25": null, "us_net_import_reliance": null, "us_import_sources": null, "export_controls": [], "production_basis": null, "production_unit": null, "world_production_2024": null, "world_production_2025": null, "world_reserves": null, "chain_coverage": "none", "most_concentrated_step": null, "most_concentrated_step_share": null, "most_concentrated_step_basis": null, "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Coking coal used to make the coke that reduces iron ore to steel. Added to the US list in 2025 and listed by the EU.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/met_coal", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/met_coal.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/met_coal.md" }, { "id": "potash", "name": "Potash", "symbol": "K", "category": "Energy & agriculture", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Canada (~31%) plus Russia and Belarus supply most of the world.", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "No direct role — food security.", "supply_risk_index": 32, "lists_count": 4, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "Canada", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.306, "china_share_2025": 0.129, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.049, "us_net_import_reliance": "92", "us_import_sources": "Canada, Russia, Israel", "export_controls": [], "production_basis": "mine production (K2O equivalent)", "production_unit": "thousand metric tons", "world_production_2024": 46700, "world_production_2025": 49000, "world_reserves": 5900000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.129, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Potassium salts that fertilize the world's crops. Canada, Russia and Belarus dominate supply.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/potash", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/potash.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/potash.md" }, { "id": "lanthanum", "name": "Lanthanum", "symbol": "La", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "Fluid-catalytic-cracking catalysts and optical glass; some hydrogen storage alloys.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Used in catalysts that refine petroleum, nickel-metal-hydride batteries and high-index optical glass.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lanthanum", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/lanthanum.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lanthanum.md" }, { "id": "cerium", "name": "Cerium", "symbol": "Ce", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Cerium oxide slurries polish silicon wafers flat during chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) in chip fabs.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The most abundant rare earth — used for glass polishing, catalytic converters and ceramics.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cerium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/cerium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/cerium.md" }, { "id": "praseodymium", "name": "Praseodymium", "symbol": "Pr", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China dominates NdPr separation and magnets; a 10-year US price floor of $110/kg backs domestic NdPr output.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Cooling & thermal", "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "NdPr magnets spin the motors in cooling fans, pumps, chillers and hard-disk drives across data centers.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 9, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Magnets", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.94, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 34, "summary": "Partners with neodymium in NdPr magnets — the strongest permanent magnets made.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/praseodymium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/praseodymium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/praseodymium.md" }, { "id": "neodymium", "name": "Neodymium", "symbol": "Nd", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "China dominates NdPr separation and magnets; a 10-year US price floor of $110/kg backs domestic NdPr output.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Cooling & thermal", "Servers & hardware", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Permanent magnets in hard-disk drives, cooling fans, pumps and chiller motors; wind turbines supplying renewable PPAs.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Magnets", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.94, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 34, "summary": "The 'Nd' in NdFeB magnets inside EV motors, wind turbines, speakers and hard drives.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/neodymium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/neodymium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/neodymium.md" }, { "id": "samarium", "name": "Samarium", "symbol": "Sm", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Among the seven heavy rare earths China placed under export controls in April 2025; China still supplies most separated output.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "High-temperature SmCo magnets in specialized motors and sensors.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Forms samarium-cobalt magnets that keep their strength at high temperatures — vital for defense systems.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/samarium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/samarium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/samarium.md" }, { "id": "europium", "name": "Europium", "symbol": "Eu", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Minimal — phosphors and lighting.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "A phosphor element that produced red light in screens and still secures euro banknotes.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/europium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/europium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/europium.md" }, { "id": "gadolinium", "name": "Gadolinium", "symbol": "Gd", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Among the seven heavy rare earths China placed under export controls in April 2025; China still supplies most separated output.", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware" ], "ai_role": "Additive in magnets and in some memory and sensor research.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 1, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Used in MRI contrast agents, nuclear control and magnet alloys.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/gadolinium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/gadolinium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/gadolinium.md" }, { "id": "terbium", "name": "Terbium", "symbol": "Tb", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Among the seven heavy rare earths China placed under export controls in April 2025; China still supplies most separated output.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Cooling & thermal", "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "Terbium-doped magnets in high-temperature motors (fans, pumps) and in magneto-optical devices.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Magnets", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.94, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 34, "summary": "A heavy rare earth that lets NdFeB magnets resist demagnetization at high heat.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/terbium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/terbium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/terbium.md" }, { "id": "dysprosium", "name": "Dysprosium", "symbol": "Dy", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Among the seven heavy rare earths China placed under export controls in April 2025; China still supplies most separated output.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Servers & hardware", "Cooling & thermal" ], "ai_role": "Dysprosium keeps magnets in drives, fans and motors stable at operating temperatures; USGS lists data storage devices as a primary use.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 10, "lists_strategic_count": 2, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "full", "most_concentrated_step": "Magnets", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.94, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": 34, "summary": "The other heat-resistance additive for NdFeB magnets — among the most supply-constrained rare earths.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/dysprosium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/dysprosium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/dysprosium.md" }, { "id": "holmium", "name": "Holmium", "symbol": "Ho", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Minimal — specialty lasers.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Has the highest magnetic strength of any element; used in lasers and magnet pole pieces.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/holmium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/holmium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/holmium.md" }, { "id": "erbium", "name": "Erbium", "symbol": "Er", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 3, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) carry data-center interconnect and long-haul traffic between AI campuses.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The amplifier of the internet: erbium-doped fiber amplifiers boost light signals across long-haul optical networks.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/erbium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/erbium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/erbium.md" }, { "id": "thulium", "name": "Thulium", "symbol": "Tm", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Optical networking" ], "ai_role": "Thulium-doped fiber amplifiers extend optical bandwidth in some networks.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "One of the rarest rare earths; used in medical lasers and portable X-ray devices.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/thulium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/thulium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/thulium.md" }, { "id": "ytterbium", "name": "Ytterbium", "symbol": "Yb", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "watch", "supply_status_label": "Watch", "supply_status_note": "Mined alongside other rare earths; China dominates separation (≈85% of refining in 2025).", "ai_relevance": 1, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs" ], "ai_role": "Ytterbium fiber lasers used in precision manufacturing, including electronics.", "supply_risk_index": 69, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Used in fiber lasers, atomic clocks and stress gauges.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/ytterbium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/ytterbium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/ytterbium.md" }, { "id": "lutetium", "name": "Lutetium", "symbol": "Lu", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Among the seven heavy rare earths China placed under export controls in April 2025; China still supplies most separated output.", "ai_relevance": 0, "ai_layers": [], "ai_role": "Minimal — medical imaging and catalysts.", "supply_risk_index": 78, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "67", "us_import_sources": "China, Malaysia, Estonia, Japan", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "The heaviest rare earth; used in PET-scan detectors and cancer radiotherapy.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lutetium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/lutetium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/lutetium.md" }, { "id": "yttrium", "name": "Yttrium", "symbol": "Y", "category": "Rare earth elements", "supply_status": "tight", "supply_status_label": "Tight / restricted", "supply_status_note": "Among the seven heavy rare earths China placed under export controls in April 2025; China still supplies most separated output.", "ai_relevance": 2, "ai_layers": [ "Chips & fabs", "Power generation" ], "ai_role": "Yttria coatings protect plasma-etch chambers in chip fabs; yttrium-stabilized zirconia in solid-oxide fuel cells.", "supply_risk_index": 83, "lists_count": 8, "lists_strategic_count": 0, "top_producer": "China", "top_producer_share_2025": 0.692, "china_share_2025": 0.692, "output_growth_2024_25": 0.026, "us_net_import_reliance": "100", "us_import_sources": "China, Germany, Austria", "export_controls": [ "China: Export licensing (2025)", "Malaysia: Raw rare earth export ban (2024)", "Namibia: Ore & concentrate export ban (2023)", "Vietnam: Raw rare earth export ban" ], "production_basis": "mine production (rare-earth oxide equivalent)", "production_unit": "metric tons", "world_production_2024": 380000, "world_production_2025": 390000, "world_reserves": 85000000, "chain_coverage": "mine", "most_concentrated_step": "Mining", "most_concentrated_step_share": 0.692, "most_concentrated_step_basis": "China", "processing_gap_pts": null, "summary": "Used in YAG lasers, phosphors, thermal-barrier coatings and yttria-stabilized zirconia.", "url": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/yttrium", "json": "https://critical-minerals.si/data/minerals/yttrium.json", "markdown": "https://critical-minerals.si/minerals/yttrium.md" } ] }