{
 "publisher": "Critical-Minerals.si",
 "homepage": "https://critical-minerals.si",
 "terms": "https://critical-minerals.si/data#terms",
 "attribution": "Critical-Minerals.si (https://critical-minerals.si)",
 "generated": "2026-10-09",
 "data_as_of": "2026-10-08",
 "steps": [
  "mine",
  "refine",
  "metal",
  "product"
 ],
 "definitions": {
  "processing_gap_pts": "China's share at the most concentrated later step minus China's share at the mining step, in percentage points. Separate from the supply risk index.",
  "shares": "By location of production, not company ownership.",
  "top3": "Uranium uses the combined share of the top three countries, as reported by the IEA."
 },
 "sources": {
  "iea_gcmo26": {
   "label": "IEA, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (CC BY 4.0)",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2026"
  },
  "iea_ree": {
   "label": "IEA, Rare Earth Elements report: executive summary (CC BY 4.0)",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/rare-earth-elements/executive-summary"
  },
  "iea_gevo26": {
   "label": "IEA, Global EV Outlook 2026: manufacturing and trade (CC BY 4.0)",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2026/manufacturing-and-trade"
  },
  "iea_pvps": {
   "label": "IEA PVPS Task 1, PV production trends (Oct 2025)",
   "url": "https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-11-Kaizuka.pdf"
  },
  "usgs_mcs": {
   "label": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 data release (CC0)",
   "url": "https://www.usgs.gov/data/mineral-commodity-summaries-2026-data-release"
  }
 },
 "minerals": {
  "lithium": {
   "end": "Battery cells",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Spodumene ore and brine",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Australia",
       0.317
      ],
      [
       "China",
       0.214
      ],
      [
       "Chile",
       0.193
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.214,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official",
     "note": "IEA: over 65% of new African lithium mining capacity is owned by companies headquartered in China."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Lithium chemicals (carbonate and hydroxide)",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.75,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Up from 70% in 2024.",
     "page": 141
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Cathode material",
     "what": "Cathode active material (all chemistries)",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.85,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gevo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "China produced 98% of LFP cathode material and about two-thirds of nickel-based cathode material in 2025 (IEA GCMO 2026, p. 72)."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Battery cells",
     "what": "Lithium-ion battery cells",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.8,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA's Global EV Outlook 2026 puts China at over 80% of battery cell production in 2025.",
     "page": 72
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "metal",
    "label": "Cathode material",
    "share": 0.85,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 64,
    "from": 21,
    "to": 85,
    "at": "Cathode material"
   }
  },
  "nickel": {
   "end": "Nickel-based cathode material",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Nickel ore (laterite and sulphide)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Indonesia",
       0.667
      ],
      [
       "Philippines",
       0.069
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.051
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.031,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined nickel and intermediates",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Indonesia",
       0.45
      ]
     ],
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Indonesia leads refining; the IEA does not state China's share of this step. Shares are by country where production happens, not who owns it.",
     "page": 153
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Battery-grade chemical",
     "what": "Nickel sulphate",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.75,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Indonesia exports intermediates such as MHP to China for further refining.",
     "page": 151
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Cathode material",
     "what": "Nickel-based cathode material (NMC/NCA)",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.67,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "page": 72
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "metal",
    "label": "Battery-grade chemical",
    "share": 0.75,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 72,
    "from": 3,
    "to": 75,
    "at": "Battery-grade chemical"
   }
  },
  "cobalt": {
   "end": "Battery cells",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Copper-cobalt and nickel-cobalt ore",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "DR Congo",
       0.742
      ],
      [
       "Indonesia",
       0.142
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.025
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.006,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official",
     "note": "Chinese companies such as CMOC operate major DRC mines. Shares are by country where production happens, not who owns it."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined cobalt chemicals and metal",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.75,
     "q": ">",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "page": 162
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Cathode material",
     "what": "Cathode active material (all chemistries)",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.85,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gevo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "China produced 98% of LFP cathode material and about two-thirds of nickel-based cathode material in 2025 (IEA GCMO 2026, p. 72)."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Battery cells",
     "what": "Lithium-ion battery cells",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.8,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA's Global EV Outlook 2026 puts China at over 80% of battery cell production in 2025.",
     "page": 72
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "metal",
    "label": "Cathode material",
    "share": 0.85,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 84,
    "from": 1,
    "to": 85,
    "at": "Cathode material"
   }
  },
  "graphite": {
   "end": "Battery cells",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Natural flake graphite",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.778
      ],
      [
       "Madagascar",
       0.044
      ],
      [
       "Tanzania",
       0.042
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.778,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official",
     "note": "IEA puts China at 80% of mined graphite in 2025, falling to 53% by 2035 as new mines open."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Purification",
     "what": "Battery-grade (spherical, purified) graphite",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Includes synthetic graphite. The IEA projects only a small decline, to 91%, by 2035.",
     "page": 172
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Anode material",
     "what": "Anode active material",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.9,
     "q": ">",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gevo26",
     "conf": "report"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Battery cells",
     "what": "Lithium-ion battery cells",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.8,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA's Global EV Outlook 2026 puts China at over 80% of battery cell production in 2025.",
     "page": 72
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Purification",
    "share": 0.94,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 16,
    "from": 78,
    "to": 94,
    "at": "Purification"
   }
  },
  "manganese": {
   "end": "Battery cathodes (steel is the main use)",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Manganese ore (Mn content)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "South Africa",
       0.38
      ],
      [
       "Gabon",
       0.25
      ],
      [
       "Ghana",
       0.1
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.035,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Battery-grade high-purity manganese sulphate",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.95,
     "q": ">",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "page": 188
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Alloy / metal",
     "what": "Ferromanganese, silicomanganese and electrolytic manganese metal",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Steel and battery cathodes",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.95,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 91,
    "from": 4,
    "to": 95,
    "at": "Refining"
   }
  },
  "phosphorus": {
   "end": "LFP battery cells",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Phosphate rock",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.44
      ],
      [
       "Morocco",
       0.144
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.08
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.44,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Purification",
     "what": "Purified phosphoric acid (battery grade)",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.7,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Most phosphate goes to fertiliser; this step tracks the battery route.",
     "page": 190
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Cathode material",
     "what": "LFP cathode active material",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.98,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "page": 72
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Battery cells",
     "what": "LFP batteries",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.99,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "page": 39
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "product",
    "label": "Battery cells",
    "share": 0.99,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 55,
    "from": 44,
    "to": 99,
    "at": "Battery cells"
   }
  },
  "neodymium": {
   "end": "NdFeB permanent magnets",
   "group": "magnet rare earths (Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb)",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore and concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.6,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA figure for magnet rare earths. For all rare earths, USGS puts China at 69% of 2025 mining, the US at 13% and Australia at 7%.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated rare earth oxides",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.85,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Down from 90% in 2024 as new US projects and Malaysian output added supply. The IEA's dedicated rare earths report gives 91% for 2024.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal and alloy",
     "what": "Rare earth metals and NdFeB alloy",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "Not reported separately. The IEA counts only about 18 kt of planned metal, alloy and magnet capacity outside China by 2035 (rare earth content)."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Magnets",
     "what": "Sintered NdFeB permanent magnets",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2024,
     "src": "iea_ree",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "China's share was around 50% in 2005."
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "product",
    "label": "Magnets",
    "share": 0.94,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 34,
    "from": 60,
    "to": 94,
    "at": "Magnets"
   }
  },
  "praseodymium": {
   "end": "NdFeB permanent magnets",
   "group": "magnet rare earths (Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb)",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore and concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.6,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA figure for magnet rare earths. For all rare earths, USGS puts China at 69% of 2025 mining, the US at 13% and Australia at 7%.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated rare earth oxides",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.85,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Down from 90% in 2024 as new US projects and Malaysian output added supply. The IEA's dedicated rare earths report gives 91% for 2024.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal and alloy",
     "what": "Rare earth metals and NdFeB alloy",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "Not reported separately. The IEA counts only about 18 kt of planned metal, alloy and magnet capacity outside China by 2035 (rare earth content)."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Magnets",
     "what": "Sintered NdFeB permanent magnets",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2024,
     "src": "iea_ree",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "China's share was around 50% in 2005."
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "product",
    "label": "Magnets",
    "share": 0.94,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 34,
    "from": 60,
    "to": 94,
    "at": "Magnets"
   }
  },
  "dysprosium": {
   "end": "NdFeB permanent magnets",
   "group": "magnet rare earths (Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb)",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore and concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.6,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA figure for magnet rare earths. For all rare earths, USGS puts China at 69% of 2025 mining, the US at 13% and Australia at 7%.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated rare earth oxides",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.85,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Down from 90% in 2024 as new US projects and Malaysian output added supply. The IEA's dedicated rare earths report gives 91% for 2024.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal and alloy",
     "what": "Rare earth metals and NdFeB alloy",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "Not reported separately. The IEA counts only about 18 kt of planned metal, alloy and magnet capacity outside China by 2035 (rare earth content)."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Magnets",
     "what": "Sintered NdFeB permanent magnets",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2024,
     "src": "iea_ree",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "China's share was around 50% in 2005."
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "product",
    "label": "Magnets",
    "share": 0.94,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 34,
    "from": 60,
    "to": 94,
    "at": "Magnets"
   }
  },
  "terbium": {
   "end": "NdFeB permanent magnets",
   "group": "magnet rare earths (Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb)",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore and concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.6,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "IEA figure for magnet rare earths. For all rare earths, USGS puts China at 69% of 2025 mining, the US at 13% and Australia at 7%.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated rare earth oxides",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.85,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Down from 90% in 2024 as new US projects and Malaysian output added supply. The IEA's dedicated rare earths report gives 91% for 2024.",
     "page": 182
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal and alloy",
     "what": "Rare earth metals and NdFeB alloy",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "Not reported separately. The IEA counts only about 18 kt of planned metal, alloy and magnet capacity outside China by 2035 (rare earth content)."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Magnets",
     "what": "Sintered NdFeB permanent magnets",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2024,
     "src": "iea_ree",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "China's share was around 50% in 2005."
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "product",
    "label": "Magnets",
    "share": 0.94,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 34,
    "from": 60,
    "to": 94,
    "at": "Magnets"
   }
  },
  "lanthanum": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "cerium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "samarium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "europium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "gadolinium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "holmium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "erbium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "thulium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "ytterbium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "lutetium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "yttrium": {
   "end": "Varies by element",
   "group": "all rare earths",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Rare earth ore (oxide equivalent, all elements)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.692
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.131
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.074
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.692,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Separation",
     "what": "Separated oxide of this element",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "The IEA publishes separation shares only for magnet rare earths (China 85% in 2025)."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, phosphor, catalyst or alloy",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Catalysts, phosphors, lasers, alloys, medical uses",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.692,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "copper": {
   "end": "Refined copper cathode",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Copper ore and concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Chile",
       0.23
      ],
      [
       "DR Congo",
       0.139
      ],
      [
       "Peru",
       0.117
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.078,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Smelting and refining",
     "what": "Refined copper",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.483
      ],
      [
       "DR Congo",
       0.097
      ],
      [
       "Chile",
       0.059
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.483,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official",
     "note": "The IEA estimates China holds just under half of global refining capacity and accounted for over 90% of smelting growth since 2005."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal",
     "what": "Refined copper cathode",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Refined cathode is the metal; see refining."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Semi-finished products",
     "what": "Wire rod, busbar, tube and foil",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Smelting and refining",
    "share": 0.483,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 40,
    "from": 8,
    "to": 48,
    "at": "Smelting and refining"
   }
  },
  "aluminum": {
   "end": "Primary aluminium",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Bauxite",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Guinea",
       0.341
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.22
      ],
      [
       "China",
       0.198
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.198,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Alumina",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.62
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.113
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.073
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.62,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Smelting",
     "what": "Primary aluminium",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.608
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.057
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.053
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.608,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Semi-finished products",
     "what": "Rolled, extruded and cast aluminium",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.62,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 42,
    "from": 20,
    "to": 62,
    "at": "Refining"
   }
  },
  "gallium": {
   "end": "GaN and GaAs wafers",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No gallium mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered as a by-product of alumina refining and zinc processing. The IEA says typically less than 10% of the gallium in mined ore is recovered."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Recovery and refining",
     "what": "Primary (low-grade) gallium",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       1
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.007
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.003
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 1,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official",
     "note": "The IEA puts China at 99% of 2025 supply."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "High-purity metal",
     "what": "High-purity (6N+) gallium",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Wafers",
     "what": "GaN and GaAs substrates and epi-wafers",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Recovery and refining",
    "share": 1,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "germanium": {
   "end": "Fibre optics, infrared optics, SiGe chips",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No germanium mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered from zinc ores and coal fly ash."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Recovery and refining",
     "what": "Refined germanium",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "2025 market share stated in the IEA's export-control table.",
     "page": 39
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Material",
     "what": "Germanium tetrachloride, dioxide and wafers",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Fibre-optic preforms, infrared lenses, SiGe chips",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Recovery and refining",
    "share": 0.94,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "indium": {
   "end": "ITO films and indium phosphide chips",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No primary mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered as a by-product of zinc processing."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.691
      ],
      [
       "South Korea",
       0.164
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.059
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.691,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Material",
     "what": "Compounds and high-purity forms",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Components",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.691,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "tellurium": {
   "end": "CdTe solar, thermoelectrics",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No primary mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered as a by-product of copper processing."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.8
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.067
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.061
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.8,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Material",
     "what": "Compounds and high-purity forms",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Components",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.8,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "selenium": {
   "end": "Varies",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No primary mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered as a by-product of copper processing."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.526
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.168
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.084
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.526,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Material",
     "what": "Compounds and high-purity forms",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Components",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.526,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "bismuth": {
   "end": "Varies",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No primary mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered as a by-product of lead and tungsten processing."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.875
      ],
      [
       "South Korea",
       0.062
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.031
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.875,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Material",
     "what": "Compounds and high-purity forms",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Components",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.875,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "cadmium": {
   "end": "Varies",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "No primary mines",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Recovered as a by-product of zinc processing."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Refined metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.413
      ],
      [
       "South Korea",
       0.187
      ],
      [
       "Canada",
       0.057
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.413,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Material",
     "what": "Compounds and high-purity forms",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Components",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.413,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "silicon": {
   "end": "Solar and chip wafers",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Quartz and high-purity quartz",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "Quartz is abundant; high-purity quartz for crucibles is far more concentrated but not tracked here."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Smelting",
     "what": "Silicon metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.87
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.039
      ],
      [
       "Norway",
       0.028
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.87,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Purification",
     "what": "Polysilicon (solar grade)",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.94,
     "year": 2024,
     "src": "iea_pvps",
     "conf": "estimate",
     "note": "Semiconductor-grade polysilicon is more diversified, with large producers in Germany, the US and Japan."
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Wafers",
     "what": "Solar wafers",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.965,
     "year": 2024,
     "src": "iea_pvps",
     "conf": "estimate"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "product",
    "label": "Wafers",
    "share": 0.965,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "magnesium": {
   "end": "Magnesium metal and alloys",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Magnesite and other magnesium compounds",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.605
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.086
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.081
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.605,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Combined with smelting",
     "st": "na",
     "note": "Magnesium is reduced directly to metal; see the next step."
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Smelting",
     "what": "Primary magnesium metal",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.864
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.055
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.018
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.864,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Aluminium alloys, die castings, titanium reduction",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "metal",
    "label": "Smelting",
    "share": 0.864,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 26,
    "from": 60,
    "to": 86,
    "at": "Smelting"
   }
  },
  "titanium": {
   "end": "Titanium metal (sponge)",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Ilmenite concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.34
      ],
      [
       "Mozambique",
       0.202
      ],
      [
       "South Africa",
       0.138
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.34,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Upgrading",
     "what": "Titanium slag, synthetic rutile and TiCl4",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal",
     "what": "Titanium sponge",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.703
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.143
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.068
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.703,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Mill products, aerospace and defence parts",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "metal",
    "label": "Metal",
    "share": 0.703,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 36,
    "from": 34,
    "to": 70,
    "at": "Metal"
   }
  },
  "iron": {
   "end": "Steel",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Iron ore (iron content)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Australia",
       0.375
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.163
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.119
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.113,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Ironmaking",
     "what": "Pig iron",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.638
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.075
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.045
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.638,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Steelmaking",
     "what": "Raw steel (all grades)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.516
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.084
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.043
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.516,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Specialty steel",
     "what": "Electrical and specialty steels",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Ironmaking",
    "share": 0.638,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 52,
    "from": 11,
    "to": 64,
    "at": "Ironmaking"
   }
  },
  "electrical_steel": {
   "end": "Grain-oriented electrical steel",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Iron ore (iron content)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Australia",
       0.375
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.163
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.119
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.113,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Ironmaking",
     "what": "Pig iron",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.638
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.075
      ],
      [
       "Japan",
       0.045
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.638,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Steelmaking",
     "what": "Raw steel (all grades)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.516
      ],
      [
       "India",
       0.084
      ],
      [
       "United States",
       0.043
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.516,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Electrical steel",
     "what": "Grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES) for transformer cores",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "Very few producers make GOES. The site lists it as tight; country shares are not published in a reusable source."
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Ironmaking",
    "share": 0.638,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 52,
    "from": 11,
    "to": 64,
    "at": "Ironmaking"
   }
  },
  "uranium": {
   "end": "Reactor fuel",
   "metric": "top3",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Uranium ore and concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Kazakhstan",
       null
      ],
      [
       "Canada",
       null
      ],
      [
       "Namibia",
       null
      ]
     ],
     "top3": 0.7,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Six companies control 88% of supply, so ownership is more concentrated than geography.",
     "page": 225
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Conversion",
     "what": "Uranium hexafluoride (UF6)",
     "st": "data",
     "top3": 0.7,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Only five commercial-scale plants (Rosatom, Cameco, Orano, ConverDyn, CNNC).",
     "page": 226
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Enrichment",
     "what": "Low-enriched uranium",
     "st": "data",
     "top3": 0.7,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Four companies handle 92% of enrichment; Russian supply to the US is to be phased out by 2028.",
     "page": 226
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "Fuel fabrication",
     "what": "Fuel assemblies",
     "st": "data",
     "top3": 0.47,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "note": "Top three regions; assembly lines sit close to reactor fleets.",
     "page": 227
    }
   ],
   "tier": "full",
   "choke": {
    "k": "metal",
    "label": "Enrichment",
    "share": 0.7,
    "basis": "top 3 countries"
   }
  },
  "zirconium": {
   "end": "Zirconium metal and chemicals",
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Zircon concentrate",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Australia",
       0.333
      ],
      [
       "South Africa",
       0.225
      ],
      [
       "Mozambique",
       0.133
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.083,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Refining",
     "what": "Zirconium chemicals and metal",
     "st": "data",
     "cn": 0.38,
     "q": "~",
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "iea_gcmo26",
     "conf": "report",
     "page": 231
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal",
     "what": "Nuclear-grade zirconium and hafnium separation",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Fuel cladding, ceramics",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "partial",
   "choke": {
    "k": "refine",
    "label": "Refining",
    "share": 0.38,
    "basis": "China"
   },
   "gap": {
    "pts": 30,
    "from": 8,
    "to": 38,
    "at": "Refining"
   }
  },
  "vanadium": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.745
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.191
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.048
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.745,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.745,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "arsenic": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Arsenic trioxide production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Peru",
       0.492
      ],
      [
       "China",
       0.393
      ],
      [
       "Morocco",
       0.082
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.393,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.393,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "antimony": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.364
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.291
      ],
      [
       "Tajikistan",
       0.2
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.364,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.364,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "hafnium": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Ore and concentrate",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "USGS does not publish a usable country breakdown."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "none"
  },
  "tantalum": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "DR Congo",
       0.52
      ],
      [
       "Rwanda",
       0.16
      ],
      [
       "Nigeria",
       0.156
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.032,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.032,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "boron": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Ore and concentrate",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "USGS does not publish a usable country breakdown."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "none"
  },
  "zinc": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.315
      ],
      [
       "Peru",
       0.115
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.085
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.315,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.315,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "lead": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.422
      ],
      [
       "Australia",
       0.107
      ],
      [
       "Peru",
       0.064
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.422,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.422,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "tin": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production",
     "st": "data",
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       "China",
       0.245
      ],
      [
       "Indonesia",
       0.21
      ],
      [
       "Peru",
       0.114
      ]
     ],
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    },
    {
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     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
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     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
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  },
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    {
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    {
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    },
    {
     "k": "product",
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    {
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       0.035
      ],
      [
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     ],
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    },
    {
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    {
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     "st": "data",
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       "Chile",
       0.162
      ],
      [
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       0.154
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     ],
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    },
    {
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     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
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     "what": "Finished component",
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   ],
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      [
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    {
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    {
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    {
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   ],
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    {
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    {
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       0.186
      ],
      [
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       0.179
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     ],
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    {
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    },
    {
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       0.247
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     ],
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    {
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     "st": "nt"
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    {
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  },
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    {
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    {
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    },
    {
     "k": "product",
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      [
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     ],
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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    {
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     ],
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    {
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    {
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    },
    {
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     "src": "usgs_mcs",
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    {
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    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.119,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "magnesite": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Magnesite mine production",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "China",
       0.605
      ],
      [
       "Brazil",
       0.086
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.081
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.605,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.605,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  },
  "sodium": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Ore and concentrate",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "USGS does not publish a usable country breakdown."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "none"
  },
  "met_coal": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Ore and concentrate",
     "st": "nt",
     "note": "USGS does not publish a usable country breakdown."
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "none"
  },
  "potash": {
   "end": null,
   "steps": [
    {
     "k": "mine",
     "label": "Mining",
     "what": "Mine production (k2o equivalent)",
     "st": "data",
     "top": [
      [
       "Canada",
       0.306
      ],
      [
       "Russia",
       0.204
      ],
      [
       "China",
       0.129
      ]
     ],
     "cn": 0.129,
     "year": 2025,
     "src": "usgs_mcs",
     "conf": "official"
    },
    {
     "k": "refine",
     "label": "Processing",
     "what": "Refining, separation or chemicals",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "metal",
     "label": "Metal / material",
     "what": "Metal, alloy or intermediate",
     "st": "nt"
    },
    {
     "k": "product",
     "label": "End product",
     "what": "Finished component",
     "st": "nt"
    }
   ],
   "metric": "china",
   "tier": "mine",
   "choke": {
    "k": "mine",
    "label": "Mining",
    "share": 0.129,
    "basis": "China"
   }
  }
 }
}